A root canal is typically recommended when a tooth's pulp becomes infected or inflamed due to deep decay, repeated dental procedures on the tooth, or traumatic injury. Symptoms of pulp infection include severe toothache, swelling, sensitivity to hot or cold, and a pimple on the gum near the affected tooth. If left untreated, the infection can spread to the surrounding tissues and lead to abscess formation or even tooth loss.

During a root canal procedure, the dentist numbs the area with local anesthesia, makes a small opening in the tooth, and removes the infected or damaged pulp using specialized instruments. After cleaning and disinfecting the pulp chamber and root canals, the space is filled with a biocompatible material called gutta-percha to seal off the tooth and prevent further infection. In most cases, a dental crown is placed over the tooth to provide additional strength and protection. Root canals are highly successful treatments, with the majority of patients experiencing significant pain relief and preservation of their natural tooth structure.